Table 3 Etiology of UVCP and BVCP by various studies over the different time period

UVCP etiology/study

Francis W. Parnell et al. (n = 86, 1970) [28]

Harvey M. Tucker (n = 210, 1975–1978) [3]

Laura H. Swibel Rosenthal et al. (n = 363, 1996–2005) [13]

Shingo Takano et al. (n = 466, 1990–2005) [29]

Vyas M. N. Prasad et al. (n = 140, 2010–2014) [19]

Seyed Javad Seyed Toutounchi et al. (n = 45, 2010–2011) [2]

Surgical etiology

Thyroid

5

8.2

19.2

18.6

8.8

18.6

Non-thyroid

37

15.7

37.1

37.1

53.3

37.1

Non-surgical etiology

Idiopathic

34

19.6

16.8

10.7

–

10.7

Trauma

–

11.1

2.5

1.4

–

1.4

Intubation

–

7.5

7.3

7.1

20

7.1

Malignancy

22

24.7

12.9

1.4

31.1

1.4

CNS

2

7.9

3

10

–

10

Infectious disease

–

–

0.8

7.9

–

7.9

BVCP etiology/study

Paul C. Holinger et al. (n = 389, 1976) [4]

John M. Feehery et al. (n = 75, 1982–1997) [18]

Michael S. Benninger et al. (n = 117, 1985–1995) [5]

Laura H. Swibel Rosenthal et al. (n = 72, 1996–2005) [13]

Hsin-Chien Chen et al. (n = 32, 2000–2004) [20]

Jaya Gupta et al. (n = 8, 2008–2009) [10]

Surgical etiology

Thyroid

17

11.8

18

48.6

37.5

25

Non-thyroid

8

8

7.7

6.9

9.3

–

Non-surgical etiology

Idiopathic

13

13.3

12.8

8.3

9.3

25

Malignancy

21

21.4

17

9.7

18.7

25

Trauma

27

9.3

11.1

1.4

9.3

12.5

CNS

19

18.7

12.8

6.9

6.2

12.5

Intubation

–

9.3

15.4

9.7

–

–