Table 1 Summaries of reviewed articles on stimulus type

Feeney et al. [14]

2017

13 males and 20 females (mean age; 25) who have normal audiometry and clinical immittance

Wideband and clinical ASRTs were compared

The wideband ipsilateral ASRT test for a BBN activator provided a 12 dB lower ASRT than a clinical test with a 226-Hz probe tone

Mepani et al. [15]

2019

165 normal-hearing healthy subjects, between the ages of 18 and 63

226 Hz probe tone ASRT and wideband ASRT measured

Mean broadband acoustic stapedius reflex thresholds (ASRT) were found to be lower than click ASRT by a statistically significant difference

Counter et al. [2]

2011

2–18 aged 60 males and 57 females children with chronic lead (Pb) exposure

Pure tone and BBN ASR Test evaluated

Lower acoustic reflex thresholds were obtained with BBN activator compared to pure tone. In addition, amplitude amplification was highest at 0.5 kHz and the ASR amplitude growth function was lower for BBN than for the tonal activator

Mazlan et al. [16]

2009

70 6-week-old infants who passed a transient evoked otoacoustic emission test and an automated auditory brainstem response screening test

Ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds for a 2 kHz pure tone and broadband noise were recorded with a probe tone of 1000 Hz

The mean AR thresholds obtained were 67.3- and 80.9-dB HL for the broadband noise and 2 kHz tone, respectively

Hunter et al. [22]

2006

748 infants, grouped according to their newborn hearing screening outcomes

Effects of hearing- screening outcomes on ASRT measurements and normative threshold ranges over the first year after birth were evaluated using wideband and pure tone ASRT

ASRT for BBN had a more significant increase with age compared to pure tone and broadband ASRT increased in newborns with sensorineural hearing loss who failed screening tests compared to those with normal hearing

Rawool and Parrill [23]

2018

30 men and 30 women within the age-range of 19–29 years, with normal auditory sensitivity

Left and right contralateral ARTs were obtained in two conditions. In the alternated condition, the probe tone presentation was alternated with the presentation of the reflex activating clicks. In the simultaneous condition, the probe tone and the clicks were presented simultaneously

The ARTs were significantly lower/better in the simultaneous condition compared to the alternated condition

Boothalingam and Goodman [24]

2020

Twenty young, clinically normal hearing volunteers (mean age: 22 ± 2.7 years; 2 males)

Measured ASRT using a series of clicks presented at six levels (65 to 95 dB peak-to-peak SPL in 6 dB steps)

ASRTs estimated using this method were lower than that obtained from a clinical tympanometer in ~ 94% of the participants

Müller et al. [25]

2005

Eight normal-hearing and six hearing-impaired subjects

ASRT were measured with three types of tone complexes with different phase characteristics: A stimulus that compensates for basilar-membrane dispersion, thus causing a large overall neural synchrony (basilar-membrane tone complex—BMTC), the temporally inversed stimulus (iBMTC), and random-phase tone complexes (rTC)

Thresholds obtained with rTC are lower than BMTC in those with normal hearing; the opposite results were obtained in individuals with hearing loss

Kubli et al. [26]

2005

Nine normal-hearing (aged 31–55 years) and nine hearing-impaired subjects (aged 31–79 years)

Harmonic complexes with fundamental frequencies of 50, 100, and 200 Hz were constructed with positive and negative-Schroeder phases

Individuals with hearing loss have a greater reflex growth function than those with normal hearing, since these waveforms generate a greater cochlear stimulation

Unsal et al.[27]

2016

25 elders between ages 65 and 84 years and 25 individuals between ages 18 and 45 years

Ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were obtained with high-frequency band, low-frequency band, and wide band noise, and the results were compared with ipsilateral acoustic reflexes at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz

Acoustic reflex with high-frequency band noise was observed in five of nine elders whose acoustic reflexes were not obtained in 2000 and 4000 Hz, whereas acoustic reflex with low-frequency band noise was observed in one of six elders who did not show reflexes at 500 and 1000 Hz

Prashanth et al. [28]

2016

30 normal hearing subjects between age group of 17 and 30 years

A comparison between baseline acoustic reflex threshold and amplitude (at 10 dB SL) with the presence and absence of 40 dB SL white noise in the contralateral ear was recorded

There was suppression of acoustic reflex threshold and reflex amplitude for 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, and 2000 Hz, low band noise, high band noise, broad band noise and clicks