Table 3 Characteristics of included studies (treatments)
Study | Country | Sample size | Age (mean) range years | Disease | Intervention drug/device/technique | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang (2020) [29] | China | 96 | NR | Allergic rhinitis | Ketotifen fumarate and budesonide administered as nasal sprays | Ketotifen fumarate and budesonide have promising therapeutic effects on allergic rhinitis. Therefore, combining these two drugs is clinically effective in treating allergic rhinitis and relieving allergic symptoms |
Carboni (2020) [30] | Italy | 59 | NR | Allergic Rhinitis | TS (Grazax® and Oralair® (28 with Grazax® and 31 with Oralair®) | ITS represents the only disease-modifying therapy for AR. Sublingual tablets were well tolerated and have improved AR symptoms. Reduction of medication dispensing was observed especially for systemic and nasal antihistamines |
Brindisi (2020) [31] | Italy | 76 | 6 to 12 | Allergic rhinitis (AR) sensitised to dust mites | Pidotimod | Pidotimod is effective in relieving nasal obstruction in AR children |
Zujovic (2019) [32] | Serbia | 237 | 2 to 18 | Allergic rhinitis | PropoMucil® allergy nasal spray | The combination treatment including quercetin, propolis, N-acetylcysteine, thyme, and eucalyptus essential oil and vitamin D3 and E in nasal spray is an excellent choice for treating allergic rhinitis in children. Approximately 80% of parents reported an improvement in the condition of the child |
Yoshihara (2017) [33] | Japan | 40 | 2 to 14 | Allergic Rhinitis | Leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) | Long-term administration of LTRA to manage asthma may improve nasal symptoms of pollinosis during the pollen season in children with pollinosis and asthma |
Park (2016) [34] | South Korea | 14 | NR | Allergic rhinitis + house dust mite | SLIT | SLIT for house dust mite is effective and safe in house dust mite sensitised children with allergic rhinitis and does not cause any serious adverse effects |
Park (2015) [35] | South Korea | 19 | NR | Allergic rhinitis + house dust mite | SLIT | SLIT for house dust mite is effective in polysensitised allergic rhinitis children. SLIT for house dust mite improved nasal symptoms and decreased antiallergic medications use with time. SLIT for house dust mites could also be recommended to polysensitised allergic rhinitis children and house dust mites mono sensitised allergic rhinitis children |
Zicari (2015) [36] | Italy | 60 | 6 to 10 | Allergic rhinitis | Intranasal budesonide and isotonic nasal saline | Intranasal budesonide is effective in increasing nasal patency in children |
Potter (2013) [37] | South Africa | 266 | 6 to 11 | Allergic rhinitis | Rupatadine (RUP) oral solution | Rupatadine oral solution (1 mg/ml) was substantially more effective than placebo in improving nasal and ocular symptoms at 4 and 6 weeks |
YaÅŸar (2013) [38] | Turkey | 60 | 7 to 16 | Allergic rhinitis | Mometasone furoate nasal spray, intranasal azelastine, and isotonic sea water nasal spray | Mometasone furoate and azelastine, which decrease nasal congestion and increase nasal volume, are effective in managing allergic rhinitis in children |
Moustafa (2013) [39] | Egypt | 40 | 7 to 18 | Allergic rhinitis | LED phototherapy and laser acupuncture | LED phototherapy and laser acupuncture are equally safe, reliable, non-invasive and successful |
Manole (2012) [40] | Romania | 158 | 6 to 16 | Allergic rhinitis | Fluticasone furoate nasal spray | Intranasal fluticasone furoate spray in an effective and safe treatment for children with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis |
Mansi (2012) [41] | Italy | 20 | 5 to 18 | Allergic rhinitis | Narivent®, an osmotically acting medical device with anti-oedematous and anti-inflammatory effects | Narivent® is effective for nasal congestion and other major symptoms in children with AR |
Manole (2010) [42] | Romania | 38 | 10 to 16 | Allergic rhinitis and sinus disease | Mometasone furoate monohydrate nasal spray 50 mcg | Mometasone furoate monohydrate nasal spray is an effective and well-tolerated treatment in children aged 10–16 with perennial allergic rhinitis |
Rudenko (2009) [43] | England | 22 | 9 to 14 | Seasonal allergic rhinitis | Cetirizine 10 mg once a day orally + Derinat® highly purified sodium salt of desoxyribonucleic acid 0.25% intranasally two drops in each nostril, six times per day | The improvement of symptoms was achieved faster in the first arm compared with the second one. There was a decrease in symptoms score: rhinorrhea 85.7%, nasal itch 71.4%, sneezing and lacrimation 90.4%, nasal blockage 76.1%, oedema of the nasal mucosa (confirmed by rhinoscopy) 80.9%. The use of suggested anti-inflammatory medication decreases the severity of symptoms, especially in patients who have poor control with antihistamines and improves their quality of life |
Ngamphaiboon (2005) [44] | Thailand | 100 | 6 to 11 | Allergic rhinitis | Fexofenadine HCl | Fexofenadine 30 mg bid effectively reduces the total symptom score of allergic rhinitis, including blocked nose and is generally well tolerated. It is not cardiotoxic and is safe for pediatric patients as young as 6 years of age |
Ciprandi (2004) [45] | Genoa | 20 | 13.4 | Allergic rhinitis | Cetirizine | Cetirizine effectively exerts anti-inflammatory activity by modulating cytokine pattern and reducing inflammatory infiltration in children with perennial allergic rhinitis |
Fokkens (2004) [46] | Netherlands | 12 | 2 to 4 | Perennial rhinitis | Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray (FPANS) and oral ketotifen | FPANS is an effective treatment to control rhinitis symptoms in children between 2 and 4 years old |
Sienra-Monge (1999) [47] | Maxico | 80 | 2 to 6 | Allergic rhinitis | Cetirizine and loratadine | Cetirizine and loratadine provided effective, well-tolerated relief of the symptoms of perennial allergic rhinitis in small children. Cetirizine was more effective than loratadine in inhibiting the wheal response to histamine challenge and afforded greater reductions in most individual symptoms assessed daily by the parent |
Ngamphaiboon (1997) [48] | Thailand | 106 | 5 to 11 | Allergic rhinitis | Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray | Fluticasone propionate is an effective and safe treatment for children with perennial rhinitis |
Herman (1997) [49] | France | 125 | 5 to 12 | Perennial rhinitis | Azelastine nasal spray | Azelastine is an effective treatment for perennial rhinitis in children aged 5–12 years and successfully relieved all symptoms, namely sneezing, nasal blockage, nasal itch, and rhinorrhea |
Ghafar (2020) [50] | Malaysia | 74 | 7 to 17 | Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) | Mometasone furoate (MF) intranasal spray | MF intranasal spray effectively alleviates the symptoms associated with AH and reduces the adenoid size, hence should be considered before adenoidectomy |
Ahmed (2019) [51] | Egypt | 26 | NR | Adenoid hypertrophy | Mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray (Nasonex) | The use of intranasal mometasone furoate aqueous nasal spray (Nasonex) for one month reduced adenoidal tissue reactive cellular changes and its vascularity |
Solmaz (2019) [52] | Turkey | 55 | 6 to 12 | Adenoid hypertrophy | Mometasone furoate | The use of mometasone furoate for 6Â weeks in pediatric patients with chronic nasal obstruction due to AH is an effective treatment modality in alleviating symptoms and decreasing adenoid volume without causing systemic side effects |
Tuhanıoğlu (2017) [53] | Turkey | 120 | 4 to 10 | Adenoid hypertrophy | Mometasone furoate, montelukast, and a combination of mometasone furoate and montelukast | Both montelukast and mometasone furoate therapies were similarly successful in treating adenoid hypertrophy. Combined therapy was not superior to single-therapy treatment |
Hassanzadeh (2014) [54] | NR | 40 | 4 to 12 | Adenoid hypertrophy | Mometasone nasal spray treatment (100 μg per nostril every 12 h) for 4 weeks | Treatment with mometasone furoate nasal spray substantially improved nasal obstruction symptoms and reduced adenoid size in children with AH and may prevent the need for surgery in these patients |
Gupta (2014) [55] | India | 55 | 4 to 12 | Adenoid hypertrophy | Mometasone nasal spray | Intranasal steroids are an easy and effective method to improve nasal obstruction, snoring, and OSA among children with adenoid hypertrophy |
Berkiten (2014) [56] | Turkey | 60 | Under 18 (no age group reported) | Adenoid hypertrophy | Azelastine nasal spray | Azelastine nasal spray may be useful in decreasing adenoid pad size and the severity of symptoms related to adenoidal hypertrophy |
Yilmaz (2013) [57] | Turkey | 28 | 12 to 18 | Adenoid hypertrophy | Mometasone furoate nasal spray | Mometasone furoate nasal spray has a significant advantage over placebo for adolescents' adenoid hypertrophy symptoms |
Figueroa (2019) [58] | Argentina | Â | 2 to 18 | AdenoAmigdalina hypertrophy (HAA) | Triple therapy with azithromycin, betamethasone and nasal budesonide | Triple therapy improved the symptoms and signs associated with HAA-snoring |
Tropi (2019) [59] | Italy | 40 | under 12 years | Common cold | Pirometaxineâ„¢ (Narlisimâ„¢) nasal spray | Narlisimâ„¢ can be considered as a short-term option to control nasal congestion in children under 12 years |
Köksal (2016) [60] | Turkey | 109 | < 2 years | Common cold | Saline (0.9%) and seawater (2.3%) nasal drops | Adding seawater or saline drops to standard treatment protocols helps to relieve nasal congestion, weakness, and sleep quality |
Taylor (2020) [61] | USA | 23 | 14.3 (3 to 18) | Nasal septal perforation | Septal perforation repair using a bilateral mucosal flap technique | Septal perforation repair using a bilateral mucosal flap technique can be successfully used in the adolescent patient |
Hernandez [62] (2019) | NR | 8 | 20 to 39 months | Septal deviation | Endoscopic septoplasty | Neonatal endoscopic septoplasty is safe and effective for the conservative management of nasal obstruction, normalising the nasal flow required in newborns without compromising the septal anatomy and its future development |
Salturk (2014) [63] | Turkey | 76 | 3 to 14 | Nasal septal deviation | External nasal dilator | External nasal dilator use relieved nasal septal deviation, which narrows the nasal valve |
Costa (2013) [64] | Brazil | 16 | 13 | Caudal septal deviation | The Metzenbaum septoplasty | The Metzenbaum septoplasty is a safe technique to correct caudal septum deviations with no substantial impact on the facial growth of the patients |
Moore (2005) [65] | England | 9 | neonates | Nasal septal deformity | Septopalatal protraction | Septopalatal protraction in the newborn appears to provide a means for correcting nasal septal deviation in complete unilateral cleft palate infants. Septopalatal protraction in the newborn is relatively easy and safe |
Pepe (2012) [66] | NR | 50 | 3 to 13 | Chronic nasal obstruction and sinusitis | Laser-assisted turbinoplasty RFQ adenoidectomy and sinus washes | Laser-assisted turbinoplasty RFQ adenoidectomy and sinus washes are successful approaches for treating pediatric chronic nasal obstruction and sinusitis |
Ozturk (2011) [67] | Turkey | 40 | 6 to 17 | Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) | Oral methylprednisolone | Oral methylprednisolone is a well-tolerated treatment option and provides added benefit to treatment with antibiotics for children with CRS |