Table 1 Previously reported cases of nasopharyngeal leech infestation
From: Nasopharyngeal hirudiniasis: a hidden culprit—a case report
Author | Year | Place | No. of cases | Symptoms | Management | Cause |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Golz et al. [16] | 1989 | Israel | 17 | Epistaxis, blood spitting, and severe hemorrhage in 3 cases | Removed by quick pull by forceps | Drinking water from streams or freshwater lakes |
Bilgen et al. [17] | 2002 | Turkey | 1 | Nasal obstruction and intermittent epistaxis | Detached by instrument and spitted out | Contaminated pool swimming |
Raza et al. [13] | 2006 | Pakistan | 7% cases out of 14 were reported in the nasopharynx | Hematemesis, epistaxis, pallor | Removed by ENT surgeon under Local anesthesia | Contaminated water consumption |
Razi [18] | 2007 | Iran | 1 | Blood in cough and saliva | Forceps removal | Spring water consumption |
Ismail Iynen et al. [19] | 2010 | Turkey | 3 | Epistaxis, hemoptysis | Forceps removal | Well water consumption |
Mehmet Fatih Garça et al. [20] | 2011 | Turkey | 1 | Oral bleed, epistaxis | Endoscopic removal after 4% pantocaine and oxmetazolin application | Spring water consumption |
Saeid Sadeghian et al. [21] | 2020 | Iran | 1 | Hematemesis, epistaxis, and fecal blood | Clamp removal without local anesthesia | Drinking water from well |