From: Adolescent and adult laryngotracheal stenosis: a review
 | Modality | Objective |
---|---|---|
Step I | â–ª Awake fibre-optic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy â–ª Topical anaesthetic | â–ª Dynamic assessment of laryngeal function |
Step II | â–ª Fibreoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy â–ª Spontaneous respiration â–ª General anaesthetic | â–ª Assessment of vocal fold mobility â–ª Assessment of upper airway patency |
Step III | â–ª Transoral telescopic laryngo-tracheoscopy â–ª Muscle relaxation â–ª General anaesthetic | â–ª Assessment of LTS including anatomical site, mapping, cranio-caudal length and severity |
Step IV | â–ª Suspension micro-laryngoscopy â–ª Supraglottic high-frequency jet-ventilation â–ª Total intravenous anaesthesia | â–ª Assessment of cricoarytenoid joint mobility â–ª Assessment of LTS character (immature versus mature) |
Step V | â–ª Rigid/flexible bronchoesophagoscopy â–ª Supraglottic high-frequency jet-ventilation â–ª Muscle relaxation â–ª General anaesthetic | â–ª Assessment of the distal airway â–ª Aspiration of tracheobronchial secretions for bacteriological investigation |