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Table 2 Five-step endoscopic airway assessment in LTS [5]

From: Adolescent and adult laryngotracheal stenosis: a review

 

Modality

Objective

Step I

â–ª Awake fibre-optic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy

â–ª Topical anaesthetic

â–ª Dynamic assessment of laryngeal function

Step II

â–ª Fibreoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy

â–ª Spontaneous respiration

â–ª General anaesthetic

â–ª Assessment of vocal fold mobility

â–ª Assessment of upper airway patency

Step III

â–ª Transoral telescopic laryngo-tracheoscopy

â–ª Muscle relaxation

â–ª General anaesthetic

â–ª Assessment of LTS including anatomical site, mapping, cranio-caudal length and severity

Step IV

â–ª Suspension micro-laryngoscopy

â–ª Supraglottic high-frequency jet-ventilation

â–ª Total intravenous anaesthesia

â–ª Assessment of cricoarytenoid joint mobility

â–ª Assessment of LTS character (immature versus mature)

Step V

â–ª Rigid/flexible bronchoesophagoscopy

â–ª Supraglottic high-frequency jet-ventilation

â–ª Muscle relaxation

â–ª General anaesthetic

â–ª Assessment of the distal airway

â–ª Aspiration of tracheobronchial secretions for bacteriological investigation

  1. Adapted from: Monnier et al. [5]