Table 2 Results of studies done to explore the development of the Arabic speech sounds among different Arabic-speaking countries and dialects.

Omar [16]

37 Egyptians, 6 months–8 years

No criteria were set

6 months–2 years

/b, d, t, ʔ, š, ʕ, h, ћ, m, n, l, w, y/

2 years–3 years and 10 months

/k, q, g, f/

4 years–6 years and 4 months

/s, x, ð, y, θ, ʤ, s, r/

6 years and 5 months–8 years

/d, ð, z, t/

Amayreh & Dyson’s [8]

180 Jordanians, 2 years–6 year 4 months

75% of children

2 years–3 years and 10 months

/b, t, d, k, f, ħ, m, n, l, w/

4 years–6 years 4 months

/ʃ, x, ɣ, h, j, r/

≥ 6 years and 4 months

/tˁ, dˁ, q, ʔ, θ, ð, ðˁ, z, sˁ, ʕ/

Morsi [17]

30 Egyptians, 2 years and 6 months–5 years

75% of children

2 years and 6 months≤3 years

All consonants are acquired except /r, dˁ, sˁ, ðˁ, z, ɣ, ʕ/

3 years≤4 years

/r, dˁ, sˁ, ɣ, ʕ/

4 years ≤5 years

All consonants except z, ðˁ.

Saleh et al. [11]

30 Egyptians, 1 years–2 years and 6 months

50% of children

1 year–2 years and 6 months

/b, t, d, ʔ, m, n, j, w, h, s, l/ were the most used consonants, however, only /n, d/ sounds met the criteria set for acquisition (75%)

Ammar & Morsi [10]

36 Egyptians, 3 years–5 years

75% of children

3 years–4 years

All consonants except /dˁ, z, ɣ/

4 years–5 years

/dˁ, z, ɣ/

Ayyad [12]

80 Kuwaitis, 3 years and 10 months–5 years and 2 months

90% of children

3 years 10 months–4 years and 5 months

/b, t, d, k, ɡ, q, ʔ, m, n, r, ðˁ, sˁ, x, ħ, ʧ, h, j, l, w/

4 years and 6 months–5 years and 2 months

/tˁ, dˁ, f, ʃ, ɣ/

≥ 5 years and 2 months

/θ, ðˁ, s, z, ʕ, ʤ/

Alqattan [15]

70 Kuwaitis, 1 year and 4 months–3 years and 7 months

90% of children

1 year and 4 months–2 years and 7 months

/ʔ/, /n/

2 years and 7 months–3 years and 3 months

/k/, /m/, /b/, /h/, /l/, /w/

3 years and 3 months–3 years and 7 months

/t/, /d/, /ɡ/, /f/, /s/, /j/