Descriptive analysis of the development of the Arabic speech sounds among typically developing colloquial Egyptian Arabic-speaking children

The Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology

Table 1 The difference in the age of acquisition of speech sounds between the English and the Arabic languages according to different English and Arabic studies

	English language phonemes*	Arabic language phonemes**
Early sounds (2 years–3 years)	Stops / p, b, g, k, d, t/ Nasals /m, n/ Fricatives /f, h/ Glides /j/	Stops / b, d, t, q, ʔ, q, k/ Nasals /m, n/ Fricatives /f, h, ʃ, ħ, ʕ/ Glides /j, l, w/
Intermediate sounds (3 years–4 years)	Fricatives /f, s, ʃ, Z/ Glides /l, w/	Fricatives /f, h, ʃ, s, x, ɣ, ʕ, θ/ Trill/r/ Emphatics /dˁ, tˁ, ðˁ/
Late sounds >4 years	Fricatives /θ, ð/ Trill /r/	Fricatives /ð/ Emphatics /ðˁ/

Adapted from *Crowe et al. [3], Dyson [4], Smit et al. [5], Dodd et al. [6], McIntosh & Dodd [7] ** Amayreh & Dyson [8], Ammar & Morsi [10], Saleh, et al. [11], and Ayyad [12]